BECE 2026: Complete Guide for Candidates and Schools

Complete BECE 2026 guide for Ghanaian candidates and schools covering registration, subjects, preparation, grading, results, placement and WAEC rules.

By Ferdinand Ellis | EducateGhana.com
Last Updated: August 11, 2026

ARTICLE INFORMATION BOX

FACT CHECK & EDITORIAL REVIEW

Introduction

The Basic Education Certificate Examination, commonly known as the BECE, is one of Ghana’s most important national examinations at the end of basic education. It provides an important assessment point for learners completing Junior High School and plays a major role in the transition from basic education to Senior High School and other post-basic pathways.

The examination is administered by the West African Examinations Council (WAEC). WAEC conducts the BECE for both school and private candidates, with examination arrangements, registration procedures, timetables, grading and results managed under the Council’s regulations.

The 2026 BECE is particularly important because candidates are being assessed within Ghana’s contemporary curriculum environment, including the Common Core Programme (CCP) at the Junior High School level. NaCCA explains that the Common Core Programme is part of Ghana’s pre-tertiary curriculum reform and that learners completing the programme are expected to sit the BECE.

For candidates, preparation should therefore go beyond memorising past questions. Effective preparation requires understanding the curriculum, mastering subject content, developing problem-solving skills, practising examination techniques and learning how to respond to different forms of assessment.

For schools, the BECE requires careful planning, candidate registration, internal assessment, examination preparation, invigilation arrangements and strict compliance with WAEC regulations.

This guide provides a comprehensive overview of BECE 2026, including the examination structure, subjects, registration, grading, preparation strategies, school responsibilities, examination rules, results, placement and frequently asked questions.

Key Takeaways

• The BECE is administered by the West African Examinations Council.
• Ghana’s BECE is conducted for school and private candidates.
• The examination is connected to the curriculum studied at the Junior High School level.
• The Common Core Programme provides the current curriculum context for JHS learners.
• Candidates should prepare using the approved curriculum, relevant learning resources and official examination guidance.
• School candidates receive support from their schools during registration and examination preparation.
• Private candidates follow WAEC’s separate registration arrangements.
• BECE results are important for progression and Senior High School placement.
• Candidates must follow WAEC’s rules and regulations throughout the examination.
• Examination irregularities can result in serious consequences, including withheld or cancelled results.

➡ Related: Common Core Programme in Ghana: Complete Guide

➡ Related: Ghana’s Pre-Tertiary Education Curriculum: Complete Guide

➡ Related: BECE Past Questions and Answers: Complete Guide

➡ Related: BECE School Selection and Placement in Ghana

Quick Facts

WAEC states that BECE candidates are graded using a nine-point numerical scale, with Grade 1 representing the highest performance and Grade 9 the lowest. The external examination and Continuous Assessment marks submitted by schools contribute to the assessment.

➡ Related: BECE 2026 Timetable and Examination Schedule

➡ Related: BECE Grading System in Ghana

➡ Related: BECE Results Checker: How to Check Your Results

➡ Related: SHS Placement in Ghana: Complete Guide

What Is the BECE?

The Basic Education Certificate Examination is a national examination administered by WAEC at the end of Ghana’s basic education cycle.

The examination serves several purposes. It provides evidence of learner achievement at the end of basic education and supports decisions concerning progression to Senior High Schools, Technical Institutes and other approved post-basic opportunities.

WAEC describes the BECE as a school-based examination and explains that candidates’ performance is based on the external examination and Continuous Assessment marks provided by schools.

The examination should therefore not be treated as an isolated event. A candidate’s preparation begins long before the examination period through classroom learning, assignments, class tests, projects, revision and school-based assessment.

For teachers, this means that preparation for BECE should be connected to effective teaching throughout the JHS programme.

For parents and guardians, it means that supporting a candidate should involve creating conditions for regular study rather than relying entirely on intensive revision immediately before the examination.

➡ Related: Curriculum and Assessment in Ghana: Complete Guide

➡ Related: Primary Education in Ghana: Curriculum, Teaching and Assessment

➡ Related: National Teachers’ Standards in Ghana: Complete Guide

➡ Related: How to Become a Professional Teacher in Ghana

BECE 2026 and the Common Core Programme

The Common Core Programme is central to understanding the curriculum context of the BECE.

NaCCA developed the Common Core Programme as part of Ghana’s pre-tertiary curriculum reforms. The programme covers the JHS years and is designed to provide learners with knowledge, skills, attitudes and values needed for further education, work and responsible citizenship.

The curriculum also places emphasis on core competencies. These include the ability to think critically, solve problems, communicate, collaborate, create and apply knowledge.

Consequently, candidates should not prepare for BECE by memorising answers alone.

A strong candidate should be able to understand a question, identify the relevant concept, apply appropriate knowledge and present a logically organised response.

Teachers should also ensure that classroom activities expose learners to different forms of questions and situations.

NaCCA has developed assessment materials for the Common Core Programme to support assessment and preparation in subjects including English Language, Mathematics and Science.

➡ Related: Common Core Programme in Ghana: Complete Guide

➡ Related: Curriculum and Assessment in Ghana: Complete Guide

➡ Related: AI and Digital Education in Ghana: Complete Guide

➡ Related: Ghana’s Pre-Tertiary Education Curriculum: Complete Guide

BECE 2026 Subjects

BECE candidates should follow the subjects and examination arrangements specified in the official WAEC regulations and timetable for their examination year.

The precise examination structure can change, so schools and candidates should not rely on old timetables or unofficial social media schedules.

The official WAEC timetable page currently lists a dedicated BECE 2026 timetable alongside previous examination timetables.

Candidates should therefore confirm their examination subjects, dates, papers and reporting times from the official timetable supplied through their schools or published by WAEC.

The curriculum and assessment expectations should also guide preparation. Candidates should revise the complete examinable content rather than concentrating only on questions that appeared in previous examinations.

Schools should similarly ensure that candidates are familiar with the requirements for each subject.

➡ Related: BECE 2026 Timetable: Complete Examination Schedule

➡ Related: BECE Subjects and Syllabus in Ghana

➡ Related: BECE Past Questions and Answers

➡ Related: Common Core Programme in Ghana: Complete Guide

BECE 2026 Registration

Registration for school candidates is handled through schools under WAEC’s examination procedures.

School authorities are responsible for ensuring that candidate information is accurately captured and submitted according to WAEC requirements.

Candidates and parents should therefore provide correct personal information to schools and carefully check details such as names, dates of birth and other identifying information.

Private candidates follow WAEC’s separate registration process. WAEC states that registration for private candidates is conducted online and that candidates should carefully read the registration guidance and follow the instructions provided by the Council.

Candidates should avoid relying on informal intermediaries who claim to provide special access to registration.

WAEC specifically advises private candidates to make payments directly through participating banks rather than paying internet café operators on their behalf.

The official WAEC examination registration platform should remain the primary reference point for current registration requirements.

➡ Related: BECE 2026 Registration: Step-by-Step Guide

➡ Related: WAEC BECE Registration for Private Candidates

➡ Related: BECE 2026 Timetable and Examination Schedule

➡ Related: WAEC Examination Registration Guide

BECE School Candidates

School candidates are learners who are entered for the BECE through recognised schools.

The school plays a major administrative role in the examination process.

Schools are expected to register eligible candidates, submit required information and ensure that Continuous Assessment information is provided according to WAEC requirements.

WAEC describes the BECE as a school-based examination and states that the Continuous Assessment marks are provided by schools.

The school also has responsibility for preparing candidates for examination regulations and ensuring that learners understand acceptable examination conduct.

Teachers should therefore include examination ethics in candidate preparation.

Candidates should understand that examination success is not only about academic preparation. Compliance with examination regulations is equally important.

➡ Related: BECE Registration Guide for Schools

➡ Related: BECE Examination Rules and Regulations

➡ Related: National Teachers’ Standards in Ghana: Complete Guide

➡ Related: Teacher Education and Training in Ghana: Complete Guide

BECE Private Candidates

Private candidates are candidates who register independently under WAEC’s private candidate arrangements.

WAEC states that the BECE for private candidates is conducted alongside the BECE for school candidates, with private candidates following a separate entry procedure.

The Council provides registration guidance, examination timetables, fee information and other instructions during the registration process.

Private candidates should carefully read the official guidance before submitting their entries.

They should also ensure that all personal information is correct before final submission.

Candidates should retain evidence of registration and payment and should use only official WAEC information when making decisions concerning their examination.

➡ Related: BECE Private Registration in Ghana

➡ Related: BECE Private Candidates: Subjects and Requirements

➡ Related: WAEC BECE Timetable

➡ Related: BECE Results Checker

BECE Grading System

WAEC uses a nine-point numerical grading scale for BECE.

Grade 1 represents the highest level of performance, while Grade 9 represents the lowest. WAEC also states that candidates’ grades are based on their performance in the external examination and the Continuous Assessment marks submitted by schools.

The grading system means that candidates should aim for consistent performance across their subjects.

A candidate who performs strongly in one subject but poorly in another may have difficulty meeting particular admission or placement requirements.

Students should therefore avoid concentrating exclusively on subjects they enjoy.

Teachers should identify weaknesses early and provide targeted support.

Parents should also understand that examination preparation should focus on overall learning rather than simply encouraging children to memorise grade boundaries.

➡ Related: BECE Grading System: Grades 1–9 Explained

➡ Related: BECE Aggregate Calculation in Ghana

➡ Related: BECE Results: How WAEC Grades Candidates

➡ Related: SHS Selection and Placement Guide

How Candidates Should Prepare for BECE 2026

Effective BECE preparation begins with the curriculum.

Candidates should first identify the topics and learning outcomes that they are expected to master.

The next step is to develop a realistic study timetable.

A good study timetable should distribute attention across subjects rather than allocating excessive time to only one area.

Candidates should also practise questions under timed conditions.

Past questions are useful because they help candidates become familiar with question formats and examination expectations. They should, however, be used as learning tools rather than as a guarantee that identical questions will appear.

Candidates should review their mistakes after every practice exercise.

A wrong answer should lead to a question: Why was the answer wrong? Was the problem caused by lack of knowledge, misunderstanding of the question, careless calculation or poor time management?

This approach turns practice into learning.

➡ Related: BECE Study Timetable for Candidates

➡ Related: BECE Past Questions and Answers

➡ Related: How to Prepare for BECE in Ghana

➡ Related: BECE Mathematics Preparation Guide

BECE Preparation for Mathematics

Mathematics requires regular practice.

Candidates should understand mathematical concepts rather than memorising isolated procedures.

Important preparation areas may include number concepts, algebra, geometry, measurement, statistics, probability and problem-solving, according to the applicable curriculum and examination requirements.

Candidates should practise showing their working where required.

They should also develop the habit of reading mathematical questions carefully.

Many examination errors occur because candidates begin calculations before determining exactly what the question requires.

Teachers can support candidates by using real-life problems and unfamiliar situations that require learners to select appropriate mathematical methods.

➡ Related: BECE Mathematics Past Questions

➡ Related: BECE Mathematics Syllabus

➡ Related: Common Core Mathematics in Ghana

➡ Related: BECE Study Guide for Candidates

BECE Preparation for English Language

English Language preparation should cover the major language skills required by the curriculum and examination.

Candidates should practise reading comprehension, vocabulary, grammar, writing and other applicable areas of assessment.

Regular reading is especially useful because it develops vocabulary and comprehension.

Candidates should also practise writing complete responses within the required time.

Teachers can use marked writing exercises to identify recurring problems involving grammar, organisation, spelling, punctuation and expression.

Candidates should learn to plan longer written responses before beginning the final answer.

➡ Related: BECE English Language Past Questions

➡ Related: BECE English Language Syllabus

➡ Related: Common Core English Language in Ghana

➡ Related: How to Improve English for BECE

BECE Preparation for Science

Science preparation should combine conceptual understanding with practical reasoning.

Candidates should understand scientific concepts, terminology, processes and applications.

Teachers should expose learners to experiments, demonstrations, diagrams, data interpretation and real-world scientific problems where appropriate.

Candidates should practise interpreting information rather than simply memorising definitions.

Questions involving diagrams, tables and practical situations require careful reading.

A learner who understands why a scientific process occurs is usually better prepared to apply the concept to an unfamiliar question.

➡ Related: BECE Science Past Questions

➡ Related: BECE Science Syllabus

➡ Related: Common Core Science in Ghana

➡ Related: BECE Study Guide for Candidates

BECE Examination Rules and Regulations

Candidates must comply with WAEC’s examination rules.

Examination malpractice is a serious matter. WAEC publishes procedures concerning irregularities and investigates cases that arise during examinations.

Recent WAEC records demonstrate that candidates suspected of examination irregularities may be invited to assist with investigations and that results can be withheld while cases are being considered.

Candidates should therefore avoid bringing unauthorised materials into examination halls or communicating improperly with other candidates.

They should also avoid receiving assistance from unauthorised persons.

Schools have a responsibility to explain examination regulations clearly before candidates enter the examination hall.

The safest approach is simple: candidates should rely entirely on their own preparation and comply with the instructions of invigilators and WAEC officials.

➡ Related: BECE Examination Rules Every Candidate Must Know

➡ Related: WAEC Examination Malpractice: Causes and Consequences

➡ Related: BECE Candidates: What to Take to the Examination Hall

➡ Related: WAEC Rules and Regulations for Candidates

What Schools Should Do Before BECE 2026

Schools should begin examination preparation well before the final weeks.

The first priority should be curriculum coverage.

School leaders should monitor whether teachers have covered the required curriculum and whether learners have sufficient opportunities to practise and demonstrate understanding.

Schools should also analyse internal assessment results.

If a significant number of learners perform poorly in a particular topic, teachers should investigate the cause and provide remediation.

Mock examinations can help candidates practise time management and examination procedures.

However, mock examinations should supplement teaching rather than replace it.

Schools should also educate candidates about examination regulations and ensure that administrative requirements are completed accurately.

➡ Related: BECE Preparation Guide for Schools

➡ Related: National Teachers’ Standards in Ghana: Complete Guide

➡ Related: Curriculum and Assessment in Ghana: Complete Guide

➡ Related: Teacher Education and Training in Ghana: Complete Guide

What Parents and Guardians Should Do

Parents and guardians have an important supporting role.

They should provide a suitable environment for study and encourage regular preparation.

They should also monitor attendance and communicate with teachers when academic difficulties arise.

Excessive pressure can be counterproductive. Candidates need encouragement, structure and practical support.

Parents should avoid paying individuals who claim to possess examination questions or guarantee examination success.

Such claims can expose candidates to examination malpractice and financial exploitation.

Parents should rely on official WAEC and school communications for examination information.

➡ Related: How Parents Can Help BECE Candidates

➡ Related: BECE Study Timetable for Students

➡ Related: BECE Examination Rules and Regulations

➡ Related: SHS School Selection Guide for Parents

BECE Results 2026

BECE results are released by WAEC after the examination has been processed and the Council has completed the necessary assessment and verification procedures.

WAEC states that BECE results are normally released to enable successful and qualified candidates enter Senior High Schools and Technical Institutes at the beginning of the academic year. Candidates receive statements of results through their schools and can also check their results online.

Candidates should therefore distinguish between provisional result information and final documentation.

The official WAEC result-checking service provides a BECE result checker for school and private candidates.

Candidates should use official WAEC channels rather than unofficial websites claiming to provide examination results.

➡ Related: BECE 2026 Results Checker

➡ Related: How to Check BECE Results Online

➡ Related: BECE Results Release Date

➡ Related: BECE Results: What Candidates Should Know

How to Check BECE Results Online

Candidates can use WAEC’s official online result service to check their BECE results.

The WAEC eResults platform requires examination details including the index number, examination year and the appropriate result-checking credentials.

Candidates should enter their details carefully.

A candidate who receives an error message should first verify the information entered before assuming that the result has not been released.

Candidates should also be careful with websites that request unnecessary personal information.

The official WAEC result checker remains the appropriate source for online result verification.

➡ Related: WAEC BECE Result Checker

➡ Related: BECE 2026 Results: Complete Guide

➡ Related: How to Print BECE Results

➡ Related: BECE Results and SHS Placement

BECE Results and SHS Placement

BECE results play an important role in the transition from basic education to Senior High School.

WAEC states that candidates are selected to Senior High Schools through the Computerised School Selection and Placement System (CSSPS).

The placement process should therefore be understood separately from the examination itself.

WAEC is responsible for administering and processing the examination, while school selection and placement involve the national education authorities and the CSSPS.

Candidates and parents should carefully follow official placement instructions when the placement process begins.

They should also avoid unofficial claims that a person can guarantee placement into a particular school through personal influence or payment.

➡ Related: SHS Placement in Ghana: Complete Guide

➡ Related: CSSPS School Selection Guide

➡ Related: How to Choose SHS Choices After BECE

➡ Related: BECE Results and School Placement

BECE Script Review and Results Issues

WAEC provides procedures for the handling of examination scripts and results.

According to WAEC’s BECE guidance, scripts are kept for three months after results are released before they are destroyed. During that period, script review may be requested under the Council’s prescribed procedure. WAEC states that, because BECE is a school-based examination, script review is initiated through the head of school or an accredited representative rather than directly by individual candidates or parents.

Candidates should therefore discuss concerns about results with their schools and follow the official WAEC process.

They should not rely on individuals who claim they can alter examination results.

Any legitimate review must follow the Council’s established procedures.

➡ Related: BECE Results Review: What Candidates Should Know

➡ Related: WAEC Withheld Results: Causes and Procedures

➡ Related: BECE Result Problems and Solutions

➡ Related: WAEC Examination Regulations

EducateGhana Analysis

Educational Significance

The BECE remains an important assessment point in Ghana’s education system because it connects basic education with the next stage of a learner’s educational journey.

Its significance extends beyond the final grade. The examination provides evidence about learner achievement after the JHS curriculum and contributes to decisions concerning progression and placement.

The current curriculum context also means that preparation should increasingly focus on understanding and application.

Candidates need strong subject knowledge, but they also need to reason, communicate, interpret information and solve problems.

Policy Implications

The relationship between curriculum and assessment requires continued policy attention.

If curriculum standards emphasise competencies but assessment focuses too narrowly on factual recall, a gap can develop between intended learning and measured achievement.

Ghana’s assessment system therefore needs continued alignment between curriculum standards, classroom assessment and national examinations.

NaCCA’s development of assessment materials for the Common Core Programme reflects this broader effort to support assessment within the curriculum reform.

Implementation Considerations

Effective BECE preparation begins with effective teaching.

Schools should avoid reducing the final year of JHS to continuous examination drills.

Learners need opportunities to understand concepts, apply knowledge and receive feedback before they encounter the final examination.

Teacher professional development is also important. Teachers need to understand curriculum expectations, assessment principles and examination requirements.

Parents and school leaders should support this process by creating conditions that allow teachers to teach effectively.

Future Outlook

The future of BECE preparation will increasingly involve digital learning resources, data-informed instruction and new approaches to assessment.

Artificial intelligence may also become part of revision and tutoring. Its use, however, should support genuine learning rather than encourage candidates to outsource their thinking.

The central goal should remain the development of learners who can understand, reason and apply knowledge independently.

➡ Related: Curriculum and Assessment in Ghana: Complete Guide

➡ Related: AI and Digital Education in Ghana: Complete Guide

➡ Related: AI and Digital Education in Ghana: Teacher Training Guide

➡ Related: National Teachers’ Standards in Ghana: Complete Guide

Why You Can Trust This Information

This guide is based primarily on official information from the West African Examinations Council and the National Council for Curriculum and Assessment.

WAEC is the examination authority responsible for administering the BECE, publishing examination guidance, managing candidate registration and releasing results. Its official website currently provides dedicated BECE examination, timetable, registration and results resources.

NaCCA provides the curriculum context for Ghana’s pre-tertiary education system, including the Common Core Programme and assessment resources.

Because examination arrangements can change, candidates, schools and parents should confirm dates, registration instructions, fees, timetables and other operational requirements from current WAEC notices.

➡ Related: GTEC Accredited Institutions in Ghana: How to Verify

➡ Related: Accredited Tertiary Institutions in Ghana: Updated Directory

➡ Related: Ghana’s Pre-Tertiary Education Curriculum: Complete Guide

➡ Related: Curriculum and Assessment in Ghana: Complete Guide

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What does BECE stand for?

BECE stands for Basic Education Certificate Examination.

2. Who conducts the BECE in Ghana?

The West African Examinations Council conducts the BECE in Ghana.

3. Who can take the BECE?

The examination is conducted for school and private candidates under WAEC’s examination arrangements.

4. What curriculum is linked to the current BECE?

The BECE is linked to the curriculum taught at the Junior High School level, including the Common Core Programme developed by NaCCA.

5. How are BECE candidates graded?

WAEC uses a nine-point numerical grading scale, with Grade 1 being the highest and Grade 9 the lowest. External examination performance and Continuous Assessment marks contribute to candidates’ grades.

6. How can I check my BECE results?

Candidates can check their results through WAEC’s official online result-checking service.

7. Does BECE determine SHS placement?

BECE results contribute to the transition process, while candidates are selected to Senior High Schools through the Computerised School Selection and Placement System.

8. Can private candidates register for BECE?

Yes. WAEC provides a separate registration process for private candidates.

9. Can a candidate request a review of BECE scripts?

WAEC provides a script-review procedure. For BECE, the request is made through the head of school or an accredited representative under the Council’s procedures.

10. How long are BECE scripts kept?

WAEC states that BECE scripts are kept for three months after the release of results before they are destroyed.

11. What is the best way to prepare for BECE?

Candidates should study the curriculum systematically, practise questions, review mistakes, strengthen weak areas and develop time-management skills.

12. Should candidates study only past BECE questions?

No. Past questions are useful for practice, but candidates should study the relevant curriculum and develop the ability to answer unfamiliar questions.

13. Can examination malpractice affect BECE results?

Yes. WAEC investigates examination irregularities and may withhold or otherwise act on results where cases arise.

14. Where can candidates find the official BECE 2026 timetable?

The official WAEC timetable page provides the BECE 2026 timetable and related examination schedules.

15. Where should candidates obtain official BECE information?

Candidates should use WAEC’s official website and communications from their schools for examination information. Curriculum-related information should be verified through NaCCA.

➡ Related: BECE 2026 Timetable: Complete Guide

➡ Related: BECE 2026 Results: Complete Guide

➡ Related: BECE School Selection and Placement Guide

➡ Related: BECE Past Questions and Answers

Conclusion

The BECE 2026 is an important stage in Ghana’s basic education system. Its significance lies in its role as an assessment of learner achievement and its connection to the transition from Junior High School to Senior High School and other post-basic pathways.

Candidates should approach the examination through sustained preparation rather than last-minute memorisation. Schools should connect examination preparation to the curriculum, classroom assessment and effective teaching. Parents should provide practical support and rely on official information.

The strongest preparation combines curriculum knowledge, regular practice, feedback, problem-solving, examination discipline and confidence.

Candidates should also remember that examination integrity is essential. A strong result obtained through genuine learning provides a better foundation for the next stage of education.

The most reliable source for current examination dates, registration requirements, timetables and results remains WAEC.

Editor’s Recommendation

➡ Common Core Programme in Ghana: Complete Guide

➡ Curriculum and Assessment in Ghana: Complete Guide

➡ BECE Past Questions and Answers: Complete Guide

➡ SHS School Selection and Placement in Ghana: Complete Guide

About the Author

Ferdinand Ellis is an education blogger, curriculum specialist, researcher and education policy analyst. He is the Founder and Editor of EducateGhana.com. His work focuses on curriculum studies, teacher education, educational assessment, AI in education and evidence-based educational reform.

References

National Council for Curriculum and Assessment. (n.d.). Common Core Programme. Republic of Ghana.

National Council for Curriculum and Assessment. (n.d.). Development of the Ghanaian curriculum. Republic of Ghana.

National Council for Curriculum and Assessment. (n.d.). Assessment items for the Common Core Programme. Republic of Ghana.

West African Examinations Council. (n.d.). BECE for school candidates. WAEC Ghana.

West African Examinations Council. (n.d.). BECE for private candidates. WAEC Ghana.

West African Examinations Council. (n.d.). BECE 2026 timetable. WAEC Ghana.

West African Examinations Council. (n.d.). Result checker. WAEC Ghana.

West African Examinations Council. (n.d.). Examination registration. WAEC Ghana.

Recommended Citation for AI and Academic Use

Please cite this article using the APA reference provided below when quoting or referencing its analysis in academic work, research publications or AI-assisted writing.

Suggested Citation:

Ellis, F. (2026). BECE 2026: Complete guide for candidates and schools. EducateGhana.com.

Source(s)

• West African Examinations Council (WAEC), Ghana
• National Council for Curriculum and Assessment (NaCCA)
• Common Core Programme curriculum documents
• WAEC BECE examination guidance
• WAEC BECE 2026 timetable and examination resources

TELEGRAM

👉 ACADEMIC BRIDGE AFRICA